Development of Internet Protocol Traceback Scheme for Detection of Denial-of-Service Attack

To mitigate the challenges that Flash Event (FE) poses to IP-Traceback techniques, this paper presents an IP Traceback scheme for detecting the source of a DoS attack based on Shark Smell Optimization Algorithm (SSOA). The developed model uses a discrimination policy with the hop-by-hop search. Random network topologies were generated using the WaxMan model in NS2 for different simulations of DoS attacks. Discrimination policies used by SSOA-DoSTBK for the attack source detection in each case were set up based on the properties of the detected attack packets. SSOA-DoSTBK was compared with a number of IP Traceback schemes for DoS attack source detection in terms of their ability to discriminate FE traffics from attack traffics and the detection of the source of Spoofed IP attack packets. SSOA-DoSTBK IP traceback scheme outperformed ACS-IPTBK that it was benchmarked with by 31.8%, 32.06%, and 28.45% lower FER for DoS only, DoS with FE, and spoofed DoS with FE tests respectively, and 4.76%, 11.6%, and 5.2% higher performance in attack path detection for DoS only, DoS with FE, and Spoofed DoS with FE tests, respectively. However, ACS-IPTBK was faster than SSOA-DoSTBK by 0.4%, 0.78%, and 1.2% for DoS only, DoS with FE, and spoofed DoS with FE tests, respectively. Keywords: DoS Attacks Detection, Denial-of-Service, Internet Protocol, IP Traceback, Flash Event, Optimization Algorithm

A New Approach for the Minimization of Packet Losses in LTE Networks

This research work presents a new approach for minimization of packet losses in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. A prominent design feature for vertical handover decision algorithm is to ensure seamless handover process between different wireless access technologies without compromising the Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) of the users. There are scenarios in handover schemes, where due to poor handover process, frequent handover occur leading to packet losses and subsequent dissatisfaction of the users. A handover decision algorithm that incorporates the user’s changing speed into a proximity model prediction technique (PMPT) in order to minimize packet losses during handover process between macrocell and femtocell networks is presented in this paper. The developed algorithm is designed to make appropriate prediction based on the established communication link to either the macrocell or femtocell network as the User Vehicle (UV) speed changes. Results obtained using MATLAB R2015b shows that the developed vertical handover algorithm (DVHA) attained a 77.07% reduction in packet loss ratio over the existing vertical handover algorithm (EVHA)

Nutritional And Anti – Nutritional Composition Of Black – Plum (Vitex Doniana)

The search for more nutrition sources among forest products has called for the analysis of nutritional and  anti – nutritional composition of Vitex doniana.  Although, Vitex doniana had been  known to be very useful among people across tropical Africa and beyond, but there is lack of adequate data on its nutritional composition. The result of this study presented Vitex doniana as highly nutritious plant that contain moisture of about, 77.03%, ash content: 1.65%, fat: 2.9%, fibre: 2.75, protein: 8.10 and carbohydrate: 7.57. Vitex doniana contains vitamins, macro and micro – nutrient in different proportions. Among anti –nutritive factors found in Vitex doniana are: tannins, saponin, alkaloids and trace of cardiac glycoside, yet this can be controlled by boiling. It is concluded that the young leaf is highly rich in nutrients and contains the nutrient levels that fall within other popular edible vegetables. It is therefore recommended for human consumption in every household. It is also suggested that further research should be carried out on its economic status and feasibility of the seed as feed supplement in animal feed

Selected Chemical Composition and Acceptability Assessment of Pre-treated Dehydrated Telfairia Leaves

Telfairia leaves were harvested fresh, sliced and subjected to different blanching pre- treatments tests - in boiling water, steam, sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate solutions before drying in a multipurpose produce drier (40-500C) for preservation. The control portion was dehydrated without any pre-treatment. All the dehydrated test portions were analyzed for proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate), microbial quality and sensory acceptability assessments. Dehydrated steam-blanched and water- blanched leaves had relatively lower moisture content (13.75 – 13.99%). Leaf nutrients (crude protein, crude fat and ash) concentrated relatively more in the steam blanched dehydrated leaves. No microorganism was detected in all the dehydrated treated and untreated test portions. Process treatments reduced the sensory acceptability rating of the dehydrated leaves as the untreated control portions were better accepted by assessors. Keywords: Telfairia leaves, Blanching, Dehydration, Acceptability

Evaluating Polygenic Risk Scores for Breast Cancer in Women of African Ancestry

Background: Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) have been demonstrated to identify women of European, Asian, and Latino ancestry at elevated risk of developing breast cancer (BC). We evaluated the performance of existing PRSs trained in European ancestry populations among women of African ancestry. Methods: We assembled genotype data for women of African ancestry, including 9241 case subjects and 10 193 control subjects. We evaluated associations of 179- and 313-variant PRSs with overall and subtype-specific BC risk. PRS discriminatory accuracy was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. We also evaluated a recalibrated PRS, replacing the index variant with variants in each region that better captured risk in women of African ancestry and estimated lifetime absolute risk of BC in African Americans by PRS category. Results: For overall BC, the odds ratio per SD of the 313-variant PRS (PRS313) was 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23 to 1.31), with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.571 (95% CI = 0.562 to 0.579). Compared with women with average risk (40th-60th PRS percentile), women in the top decile of PRS313 had a 1.54-fold increased risk (95% CI = 1.38-fold to 1.72-fold). By age 85 years, the absolute risk of overall BC was 19.6% for African American women in the top 1% of PRS313 and 6.7% for those in the lowest 1%. The recalibrated PRS did not improve BC risk prediction. Conclusion: The PRSs stratify BC risk in women of African ancestry, with attenuated performance compared with that reported in European, Asian, and Latina populations. Future work is needed to improve BC risk stratification for women of African ancestry

A New Approach for the Minimization of Packet Losses in LTE Networks

This research work presents a new approach for minimization of packet losses in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. A prominent design feature for vertical handover decision algorithm is to ensure seamless handover process between different wireless access technologies without compromising the Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) of the users. There are scenarios in handover schemes, where due to poor handover process, frequent handover occur leading to packet losses and subsequent dissatisfaction of the users. A handover decision algorithm that incorporates the user’s changing speed into a proximity model prediction technique (PMPT) in order to minimize packet losses during handover process between macrocell and femtocell networks is presented in this paper. The developed algorithm is designed to make appropriate prediction based on the established communication link to either the macrocell or femtocell network as the User Vehicle (UV) speed changes. Results obtained using MATLAB R2015b shows that the developed vertical handover algorithm (DVHA) attained a 77.07% reduction in packet loss ratio over the existing vertical handover algorithm (EVHA)

Case report - LIVER CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH A NON-RESPONSIVE ASCITES IN A 10 MONTH OLD ALSATIAN DOG

A ten month old Alsatian bitch presented with complaint of recurring ascites over a period of three months and had ‘been refractory to diuretic therapy. The condition was diagnosed as liver cirrhosis by serum chemistry, exploratory laparotorny and histopathology of the liver. Result of the serum chemistry showed a progressively decreasing serum albumin and liver, enzymes. Similarly the Albumin /Globulin (A:G) ratio was progressively decreasing. Haematological findings were that of anaemia of chornic disorder (mild normocytic, normochromic, non responsive). The PCV, HB and RBC also decreased progressively. Exploratory laparotomy findings were that of a slightly enlarged liver with diffuse miliary nodules on .both the parietal and visceral surfaces. Few larger nodules ‘were also present. ‘The liver was firmer in consistency and two separate masses of fibrinous tissue measuring about 5 cm in length and 2cm in thickness were seen floating in the abdominal transudate. The transudate which measured about 15 litres was colourless and slightly cloudy. The bitch was euthanised following laparotomy and on the owners request due to the non-responsiveness of the animal to diuretic and other supportive therapies

Case report - LIVER CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH A NON-RESPONSIVE ASCITES IN A 10 MONTH OLD ALSATIAN DOG

A ten month old Alsatian bitch presented with complaint of recurring ascites over a period of three months and had ‘been refractory to diuretic therapy. The condition was diagnosed as liver cirrhosis by serum chemistry, exploratory laparotorny and histopathology of the liver. Result of the serum chemistry showed a progressively decreasing serum albumin and liver, enzymes. Similarly the Albumin /Globulin (A:G) ratio was progressively decreasing. Haematological findings were that of anaemia of chornic disorder (mild normocytic, normochromic, non responsive). The PCV, HB and RBC also decreased progressively. Exploratory laparotomy findings were that of a slightly enlarged liver with diffuse miliary nodules on .both the parietal and visceral surfaces. Few larger nodules ‘were also present. ‘The liver was firmer in consistency and two separate masses of fibrinous tissue measuring about 5 cm in length and 2cm in thickness were seen floating in the abdominal transudate. The transudate which measured about 15 litres was colourless and slightly cloudy. The bitch was euthanised following laparotomy and on the owners request due to the non-responsiveness of the animal to diuretic and other supportive therapies